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First skyscraper chicago 18857/24/2023 ![]() Today, an interesting approach in contemporary tall building design is the twisting forms and facades, which are employed as a reaction to the boxed forms of the recent and the past. The approach to designing evolutionary tall buildings is an open subject of professional debate, and the role of the architect is very important, from the point of view of form generation. The symbolic value of a tall building is very powerful in an urban landscape. With a retrospective view, from Home Insurance Building (1885) to Burj Khalifa (2010), this paper reviews the evolution of high-rises and gives a brief explanation about structural systems by a number of high-rise building case studies. Today, the highest high-rise of the world, Burj Khalifa (2010), has a height of 828 meters with 163 stories. Indeed, in some cases unique software programs are designing for construction of a single high-rise as 30 St Mary Axe building. Today, in the 21th Century, architects and engineers are designing unique structural systems for unique buildings. Second half of the 20th Century witnessed construction of numerous high-rises with core-outrigger systems, diagrid systems and mega frames. Tube, core outrigger and diagrid systems were started to develop accordingly. And, this accelerate the seeking of efficient structural systems. In 1969, he put forward a classification for concrete and steel skeletons concerning efficiency of structural systems. In 1963, Kahn introduced tube systems by his DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment design with 43 stories. In other words, these building structures was designed ignoring structural efficiency. On the other hand, it is observable that the increase in the heights of the buildings carried out without any important structural development and drawn on excessive material use. In the first half of the 20th Century many iconic buildings constructed with steel rigid frames with wind bracings as Wool Worth Building with 57 stories (1913), Chrysler building with 77 stories (1930) and Empire State Building with 102 stories (1931). And also concepts of prestressing, using high-tensile steel become available in 1920’s. By the 1910’s steel work started to encase in concrete to provide fire resistance. Through the 19th Century, various building materials as concrete, steel and structural capacities of these materials were developed. In 1903, the first concrete high-rise, 15 story Ingalls Building was constructed. In 1899, Park Row Building reached 30 stories in New York. Home Insurance Building (1885) which is accepted as the first high-rise building, has cast iron and wrought iron columns, wrought iron beams and girders, and thick masonry walls which provide lateral resistance to wind loads. However, it is a common knowledge that the first step of constructing a high-rise is to achieve structural stability. The source of this intense interest can be listed as growing population in city centers, high land prizes and countries’ desire to show economic and technologic status. In 1989, it was made a National Historic Landmark.High-rises are becoming one of the most demanded building typology worldwide. Flatiron Building (New York City): The Flatiron Building is a triangular, steel-frame marvel that still stands in Manhattan today.Louis): This skyscraper, designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, is famous for its terracotta facade and ornamentation. New York World Building (New York City): This building was home to the New York World newspaper.American Surety Building (New York City): At 300 feet tall, this 20-story building broke Chicago's height record when it was completed in 1896.Tower Building (New York City): The Tower Building, completed in 1889, was the first skyscraper in New York City.For a time it was the tallest building in Chicago. The Masonic Temple Building (Chicago): Featuring commercial, office, and meeting spaces, the Masonic Temple was completed in 1892. ![]() Rand McNally Building (Chicago): The Rand McNally Building, completed in 1889, was the first skyscraper built with an all-steel frame.Tacoma Building (Chicago): Constructed using a riveted iron and steel frame, the Tacoma Building was designed by the major architectural firm Holabird & Root.
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